![]() ![]() MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Hearing loss measured by pure-tone audiometry only and objective assessment measures of cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses of study-level characteristics were performed. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Both reviewers independently assessed study quality. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: One reviewer extracted and another verified data. Cohort and cross-sectional studies published in peer-reviewed literature and using objective outcome measures were included. Keywords included hearing, cognition, dementia, and Alzheimer disease. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: A search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and SCOPUS from inception to April 15, 2016, with cross-referencing of retrieved studies and personal files for potentially eligible studies was performed. OBJECTIVES: To examine and estimate the association between ARHL and cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clarifying this association is of interest because ARHL may be a risk factor for outcomes of clinical dementia. Our results emphasize the important role working memory plays in speech perception, even when performed by young adults in ideal listening conditions.Įpidemiologic research on the possible link between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and cognitive decline and dementia has produced inconsistent results. Specifically, a four-digit load was sufficient to delay the point of discrimination between the spoken target word and its phonological competitor. The data show that the high-load condition delayed real-time target discrimination. We manipulated working memory load by using a digit pre-load task, where participants had to retain either one (low-load) or four (high-load) spoken digits for the duration of a spoken word recognition trial. Eye movements captured listeners' ability to differentiate the target noun from its depicted phonological competitor (e.g., candy or sandal). Half of the trials presented a phonological competitor to the target word that either overlapped in the initial syllable (onset) or at the last syllable (offset). The task consisted of spoken instructions referring to one of four objects depicted on a computer monitor (e.g., " point at the candle "). We used the " visual world " eye-tracking paradigm. The goal of this study was to examine how working memory load affects the timeline for spoken word recognition in ideal listening conditions. However, the role of working memory on speech processing is not clear. In daily life, speech perception is usually accompanied by other tasks that tap into working memory capacity. This finding highlights changes in cognitive processes that come with age even in those with just mild-to-moderate hearing loss, and suggest that older adults’ performance in working memory tasks is sensi- tive to low level auditory scene analysis (i.e., concurrent sound segregation). Conclusion: Both younger and older adults can benefit from visual and auditory-orienting retro-cues, but the auditory-orienting retro- cue benefit decreases with poorer hearing acuity. Regression analyses showed that only the auditory-orienting retro-cue benefit was predicted by hearing status rather than age per se. The retro-cue benefit in response time was comparable for auditory and visual-orienting retro-cue and similar in young and older adults. Results: Overall, informative retro-cue yielded faster response time than uninformative retro-cue. The cue was followed by another delay, after which a single item was presented (i.e., test probe) for comparison (match or no match) with the items held in ASTM and/or VSTM. During the retention interval, participants were presented with a cue (dubbed retro-cue), which could be either uninformative or indicated to the participants to retrospectively orient their atten- tion to either auditory short-term memory (ASTM) or visual short- term memory (VSTM). Two digits were presented visually (left and right hemifield), and two were presented aurally (left and right ears simultaneously). Methods: Young (19 to 33 years) and older adults with normal or mild to moderate hearing loss (62–90 years) completed a delayed match-to-sample task in which participants were first presented with a memory array of four different digits to hold in memory. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether performance in auditory and visual reflective attention tasks varies as a function of participants’ age and hearing status. Background/Study Context: Attention can be reflectively oriented to a visual or auditory representation in short-term memory, but it is not clear how aging and hearing acuity affects reflective attention. ![]()
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